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Alice Miller, ''née'' Alicija Englard (12 January 1923 – 14 April 2010), was a Swiss psychologist and psychoanalyst of Polish-Jewish origin, who is noted for her books on parental child abuse, translated into several languages. Her book ''The Drama of the Gifted Child〔(Alice-miller.com )〕'' caused a sensation and became an international bestseller with the English publication in 1981.〔(Grimes, William. ''Alice Miller, Psychoanalyst, Dies at 87; Laid Human Problems to Parental Acts'' The New York Times, 26 April 2010 )〕 Her views on the consequences of child abuse became highly influential.〔( Alice Miller obituary, Cowan, Sue.The Guardian, 31 May 2010 )〕 In her books she departed from psychoanalysis, charging it with being similar to the poisonous pedagogies.〔Note: In ''For Your Own Good'', Alice Miller herself credits Katharina Rutschky and her 1977 work ''Schwarze Pädagogik'' as the source of inspiration to consider the concept of ''poisonous pedagogy'',() which is considered as a translation of Rutschky's original term ''Schwarze Pädagogik'' (literally "black pedagogy"). Source: In the Spanish translations of Miller's books, ''Schwarze Pädagogik'' is translated literally.〕 ==Life== Miller was born in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland into a Jewish family. She was the oldest daughter of Gutta und Meylech Englard and had a sister, Irena, who was five years younger. From 1931 to 1933 the family lived in Berlin, where nine-year-old Alicija learned the German language. Due to the National Socialists' seizure of power in Germany in 1933 the family turned back to Piotrków Trybunalski. As a young woman, Miller managed to escape the Jewish Ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski, where all Jewish inhabitants were interned since October 1939, and survived World War II in Warsaw under the assumed name of Alicja Rostowska. While she was able to smuggle her mother and sister out of the Ghetto, her father died in 1941 in the Ghetto. She retained her assumed name Alice Rostovska when she moved to Switzerland in 1946, where she had won a scholarship to the University of Basel.〔(''Mein Vater, ja, diesbezüglich'' ''Der Spiegel'' 3 May 2010 )〕 Miller was married in 1949 to Swiss sociologist Andreas Miller, originally a Polish Catholic, with whom she had moved from Poland to Switzerland as students. They divorced in 1973. They had two children, Martin (born 1950) and Julika (born 1956).〔 (German)〕 Shortly after his mother's death Martin Miller stated in an interview with Der Spiegel that he had been beaten by his authoritarian father during his childhood - in the presence of his mother. Miller first stated that his mother intervened, but later that she did not intervene.〔〔(Interview with Martin Miller (German) )〕 He also mentioned that his mother was unable to talk with him, despite numerous lengthy conversations, about her wartime experiences, as she was severely burdened by them. In 1953 Miller gained her doctorate in philosophy, psychology and sociology. Between 1953 and 1960, Miller studied psychoanalysis and practiced it between 1960 and 1980 in Zürich. In 1980, after having worked as a psychoanalyst and an analyst trainer for 20 years, Miller “stopped practicing and teaching psychoanalysis in order to explore childhood systematically."〔Alice Miller: About the author. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main, 1990 and later (from the book covers of the German paperbacks of ‘The Drama of the Gifted Child’,’ For your own Good’, ‘Images of a childhood’, ‘The Untouched Key’ and ‘Banished Knowledge’ (all reprints of the first paperback editions))〕 She became critical of both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. Her first three books originated from research she took upon herself as a response to what she felt were major blind spots in her field. However, by the time her fourth book was published, she no longer believed that psychoanalysis was viable in any respect. In 1985 Miller wrote about the research from her time as a psychoanalyst: "For twenty years I observed people denying their childhood traumas, idealizing their parents and resisting the truth about their childhood by any means." In 1985 she left Switzerland and moved to Saint-Rémy-de-Provence in Southern France. In 1986, she was awarded the Janusz Korczak Literary Award for her book ''Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child''. In April 1987 Miller announced in an interview with the German magazine ''Psychologie Heute'' (Psychology Today) her rejection of psychoanalysis.〔From: Psychologie Heute, date 4-1987, article ‘Wie Psychotherapien das Kind verraten’, authors Alice Miller, Barbara Vögler, pages 20-31, Beltz publishers, ISSN 0340-1677〕 The following year she cancelled her memberships in both the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society and the International Psychoanalytic Association, because she felt that psychoanalytic theory and practice made it impossible for former victims of child abuse to recognize the violations inflicted on them and to resolve the consequences of the abuse,〔 as they "remained in the old tradition of blaming the child and protecting the parents."〔( Alice Miller: child abuse and mistreatment. ) 2015 Alice Miller.〕 One of Miller's last books, ''Bilder meines Lebens'' ("Pictures of My Life"), was published in 2006. It is an informal autobiography in which the writer explores her emotional process from painful childhood, through the development of her theories and later insights, told via the display and discussion of 66 of her original paintings, painted in the years 1973-2005.〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=Alice Miller )〕 Between 2005 and her death in 2010, she answered hundreds of readers' letters on her website,〔(Child abuse and mistreatment )〕 where there are also published articles, flyers and interviews in three languages. Days before her death Alice Miller wrote: "These letters will stay as an important witness also after my death under my copyright."〔(Information April 05, 2010 )〕 Miller died on April 14, 2010, at the age of 87 at her home in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence〔William Grimes, ("Alice Miller, Psychoanalyst, Dies at 87; Laid Human Problems to Parental Acts" ) (Obituary), ''New York Times'', 2010 April 26.〕 by suicide after severe illness and diagnosis of advanced stage of pancreatic cancer.〔 (German)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alice Miller (psychologist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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